late 18th - 19th Century Radical Visions
- What are the common grievances?
- What are the common solutions?
- Taiping and Hong Xiuquan
- Boxer Rebellion 1899-1901 義和拳
- "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners"
- Japan, Russia, Britain, United States, France, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
- 450 million taels imdemnity
- Ōshio Heihachirō
- Donghak (Tonghak) - Choe Je'u 崔濟愚 (1824 – 1864)
- talisman
- incantation
- 1862 - Chinju uprising
- Wahabi Islam — Ibn Abn al-Wahhab (1703-1792)
- educated in Hijaz
- Saudis suppressed by Ottoman/Egypt in 1818
- Usman dan Fodio (1754-1817)
- religious opposition to slave trade
- Sokoto caliphate in modern Nigeria
- Caste War of the Yucatán (1847-1901)
- sugar trade
- Christian Mayan syncretism
- Tenskwatawa (1775_1836) and Tecumseh, Shawnee
- Fourier, Socialism, Marxism
late 18th - 19th Century State and Imperial Reforms
- Self-Strengthening (Qing) 1860s-1890s
- Cixi 1835-1908, Empress dowager after Xianfeng's death in 1861
- study abroad
- railroads
- 100 Days of Reform 1898
- Kang Youwei 康有為 1858-1927 - writings of Confucius
- Liang Qichao 梁啓超 1873-1929
- railroads
- post office
- banking
- education
- cf. Phan Bội Châu 潘佩珠 (1867－1940)
- Tokugawa Tenpō reforms
- Ottoman Tanzimat Reforms (1826-1839/1876)
- equality of all subjects
- railroad
- post office
- telegraph
- new commercial and criminal codes
- military reforms -- but spectre of Selim III in 1807