Many Jōmon communities used tooth extraction or filing to mark social and in the Latest Jōmon period tooth extraction was common throughout western Japan. In some grave sites nearly all the adult skulls are missing the upper canines, suggesting that this was used to mark adulthood. The meaning of other patterns of tooth extraction are less clear. The work of Harunari Hideji, shown in the chart above, links different patterns of tooth extraction to different marriage patterns.