• shugo 守護
• jitō 地頭
• shōgun 将軍
• Jōkyū War 承久の乱

Transformation of the Minamoto power structure

• Yoritomo creates new vassals -- Yoritomo declares that he will confirm the land claims of anyone who fights as his loyal vassal (1180)
• Defeats rival family members
• in Eastern Japan (his strong holdhold) -- he attacks the agents of governors and puts in place his own men on one occasion in 1180, he avoids attacking the Taira in order to attack the Satake -- relatives who did not submit to his authority
• some of his greatest problems are with his own family -- he sends his cousin Yoshinaka to Kyoto where they quickly drive out the Taira -- but then Yoshinaka begins to set himself up as head of the Minamoto -- Yoritomo sends his brother (Yoshitsune) to squash his cousin

Kamakura settlement

• Yoritomo sets up an alternate capital in Kamakura
  • IN THIS WAY -- YORITOMO'S WARTIME TACTICS ARE REFLECTED IN HIS POSTWAR STRATEGIES AS WELL
  • the Minamoto, unlike the Taira, do not become enmeshed in Kyoto politics -- they stick close to their power base, which is control of the hundreds of shōen in Eastern Japan
• BUT Yoritomo does what imperial titles
  • in 1190 he is named (u-konnoe-taishō) general of the right imperial guard and acting great councillor (gon-dainagon) and Chief of the Military Police (sō-tsuibushi)
  • in retrospect the most important is shōgun -- received in 1192
    • full title seiitaishōgun which translates "barbarian supressing genralissimo"
    • the title had been used briefly in the 800s but it had fallen out of use
    • technically the shogun is an officer of the emperor
    • not that important in Yoritomo life -- he resigns it in 1195
  • Yoritomo himself thought his most prestigious title was utaishō -- commander of the inner palace guards
  • NOTE HOWEVER -- that Yoritomo wants military titles from the civil aristocracy

IMPORTANT NEW TITLES

• sō-jitō (chief of jitō)
• jitō -- military land stewards
  • technically an old term -- dates to at least the 800
  • BUT did not come to meant land steward (or estate steward) until 1100s
  • ALSO NEW: Go-Shirakawa tells Yoritomo he can establish jitō where he wants
  • the exact role of jitō varied with the precedents of the shōen, but jitō were supposed to serve as local policemen or tax collectors
  • they often, esp. in the late 1100 and 1200s, coexsited with shōkan (shōen managers)
    • this leads to complex litigation -- who does what?
    • litigation is extremely important to the expansion of the rights of jitō
  • in return for their services (whatever they were) jito receive a portion of the shoen's production -- their means of raising income are diverse but include fees for police services, tax surchages, designated land
  • jitō title (jitō shiki) is, from the outset, understood as heritable -- this is part of Yoritomo's promise to secure rights of his vassals
• sō-shugo (chief of shugo)
• shugo -- military governors
  • initially a much less important institution than jito -- does not appear until 1190s
  • shugo title is, at least initially, not heritable
  • shugo, by law, had limited police duties:
    • investigate murder and rebellion , apprehend major criminals such as murderers
    • insure mainenance of roads
    • also were directed to register vassals of the Minamoto house (gokenin) -- this appears to give them some leverage over jitō
  • LATER DEVELOPMENTS -- active command of the jitō in the area during time of war
  • shugo becomes important not because of what it means in 1190s -- but because powerful families in the 1200s will claim it -- it becomes a powerful title in the 1300s

Kamakura settlement as a compromise

• the grant by the emperor to Yoritomo of the right to establish jitō was -- in part -- a marriage of convenience
  • Yoritomo would stop lawless jitō from seizing all of courtier shōen -- this helps court
  • Yortiomo got additional authroity to disposses "freelance" jitō -- this gives Yoritomo new authority in consolidating his base
• the intial scope of jitō placement is limited -- most jitō are placed in eastern Japan on land seized from the Taira -- the shoen in Western Japan are left alone

Collapse of the Compromise

• the imperial court grows unhappy with rise of warrior power
• emperor Go-Toba challenges shogunate leading to Jōkyü War of 1221
• the Kamakaura shogunte now claims nationwide authority
• drafts new, independent legal code -- cf. Lu 1: 109-116.