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Appearances
(...よう、〜そう、...らしい、...みたい)
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YII - G25, IJ - 1-11,
2-11, 4-6, 8-5
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...よう, ...みたい
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*
na-type adjectives
*
Expresses the appearance and likelihood based on speaker’s firsthand,
reliable (mostly visual) information
or reasonable knowledge
* Also used to state something indirectly or
without committing oneself.
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* To form the past tense, conjugate the
noun-phrase/adj/v preceding the ...よう, ...みたい.
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N/adj/v (past) + ...よう, ...みたい
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It seems like
it was...
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N + の/だった
+ ようだ/ようです
な-adj (root) + な/だった + ようだ/ようです
i-adj (plain) +
ようだ/ようです
V (plain) + ようだ/ようです
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From what I’ve seen/experienced...
It seems that; it looks like; it appears
that
It seems that; it looks like; it appears
that
It seems that; it looks like; it appears
that
It seems that; it looks like; it appears
that
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Examples:
テキサス人はトラックが好きなようです。
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Texans seem to like trucks.
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〜そう
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*
na-adjective
* Expresses the appearance of directly observable
things or actions.
*
Expresses the speaker’s guess or conjecture
*
There is less evidence for the truth of the conjecture than that for ...よう, ...みたい
*
NOT used with visual adjectives (e.g. colors, shapes)
* CANNOT use nouns in front of 〜そう. Use N + よう instead. (?)
* ...そう is also used to indicate hearsay. Do not confuse the two.
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* To form the past tense, conjugate to 〜そうだった/でした rather than
conjugating the adjective or verb preceding the 〜そう.
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Adj/v (non-past) + 〜そうだった/でした
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It seemed like it was/was about to...
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* Adverbial form:
adj + そうに + V
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in a manner that looks as if...
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NON-NEGATIVE
な-adj (root) + そうだ/そうです
い-adj (root) + そうだ/そうです
V (conj) + そうだ/そうです
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By my guess...
It seems / looks / feels
It seems / looks / feels
It seems / looks / feels like it’s about to
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Examples:
雨が降りそうです。
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It looks like it’s about to rain.
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NEGATIVE
な-adj (root) + そうではない
な-adj (root) +では + なさそうだ
い-adj (root) + そうではない
い-adj (neg root) + なさそうだ
V (conj) + そうにない
V (conj) + そうもない
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By my guess...
It seems / looks / feels like ￣ is not [adj]
It seems / looks / feels like ￣ is not [adj]
It seems / looks / feels like ￣ is not [adj]
It seems / looks / feels like ￣ is not [adj]
It seems / looks / feels like ￣ is not about
to [v]
It seems / looks / feels like ￣ is not about
to [v]
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...らしい
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*
i-adjective
*
express what seems to be true, based on indirect information (e.g.
reading or hearing it)
* Negative is formed by conjugating the N/adj/V preceding the ...らしい.
* N + ...らしい can also be
used to express the idea that the subject has the essential qualities for
his/her role or status.
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N (だった) + らしい(です)
な-adj (root) (だった) + らしい(です)
い-adj (plain) + らしい(です)
V (plain) + らしい(です)
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I hear / understand / it says that / ￣ has
the natural qualities of a N.
I hear / understand / it says that
I hear / understand / it says that
I hear / understand / it says that
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ひがしさんは先生らしいです。
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My understanding is that Ms. Higashi is a
teacher.
or
Ms. Higashi has the
qualities of a teacher (and is a teacher).
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Common expressions:
女らしい
男らしい
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[She is] womanly
[He is] manly
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Examples:
それはあなたらしくない。
中山さんはすごく日本人らしい日本人です。
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That’s not like you.
Mr. Nakayama is an extremely Japanese Japanese person.
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Summary
of Differences in Use:
でしょう
らしい
〜そう
よう
みたい
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probably
I heard that...
By my guess...
From what I’ve seen/experienced, it seems
that...
From what I’ve seen/experienced, it seems
that...
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