| Trade |
+ Positive Inducements |
- Negative Sanctions |
- Favorable tariffs
- Most-favored-nation (MFN) rights
- Tariff Reduction
- Direct Purchase
- Subsidies to exports/imports
- Granting of export/import licenses
|
- Embargo
- Boycott
- Tariff Discrimination
- Withdrawal of MFN rights
- Blacklist
- Quotas
- License denial
- Dumping
- Preclusive buying
|
| Capital |
- Providing of aid
- Investment guarantees
- Encouragement of private capital
- Favorable tax measures
|
- Freezing assets
- Import and export controls
- Suspension of aid
- Expropriation
- Unfavorable taxation
- Withholding of dues to international economic agencies (such as IMF)
|
Based on Johnson, Loch K. 1995. America as a World Power: Foreign Policy in a Constitutional Framework, Second ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 448.