1-6 Particles (Interjection and Sentence-Final)

1-6-1　Particles〜Interjection and Sentence-Final

「な・ね・の（ん）・ぞ（ど）・で・え・い・わ・や・がな・いな・かいな・かい・け・よ」etc.

「な/●」「なあ/●○」 (after nouns, verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, conjunctive verb forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, adverbs, the particle「の」, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

An oft-used particle in Kyoto, it appears all over, e.g.「あんなぁ、その人がなぁ、言うたはったんやけどなぁ」. The「な」of Kyoto does not have the same slovenly nuance as in the standard dialect at all. Old, young, male, female, and even polite speech use this particle.

E.g.:「しんどいなあ」「なかなかむつかしいもんですなあ」

「ね/●」「ねえ/●○」 (after nouns, verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, conjunctive verb forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, adverbs, the particle「の」, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

Used exactly like「な」, but much less frequently.

There is a strong theory that this「ね」came into use due to the influence of the standard dialect, but on the other hand very old speakers of Kyo-kotoba use「ね」as in「そうどふね」, so the theory cannot be easily stated as a rule.

E.g.:「うまいもんやね」「そやね」

「の（ん）/○」 (after verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

Used as in「そうなん？」「するん？」. In the standard dialect,「そうなの？」「するの？」have a bit of a feminine nuance, but in Kyoto is common to both male and female speech.

Furthermore, it frequently becomes「ん」in speech.

E.g.：「そやの？」「ほんまなん？」「これもろてえいの？」「明日デートなん」

「ぞ（ど）/○」 (after nouns, verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

Roughly the same meanign and usage as the standard dialect「ぞ」. Formerly corrupted to「ど」on occasion.

E.g.:「よそ見してたら間違えんど」「しまいに怒んぞ」

「で（ぜ）/○」 (after verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

「ぜ」is a corrupted form. The meaning and usage led to standard「よ」. Due to that, the usage rules do not come from Tokyo-dialect「何々しようぜ」.

　Though often used without regard to age or gender, feminine speech usually uses the softer「え」.

E.g.:「そら、ないで」「そこにはありませんで」

「え/●」 (after nouns, verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, conjunctive verb forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, adverbs, the particle「の」, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

This particle corresponds to standard「よ」, probably formed from「よ」vowel-shift (yo→ye→e). Nowadays it carries a slight feminine nuance, but it is said to be originally used by both men and women.

E.g.:「そうえ」「はよせなあかんえ」

「い/○」 (after particles, copula「じゃ」, and particle「わ」)

Looking up「い」in an archaic-language dictionary, we find "sound change from medieval「よ」". This「い」is probably the same. Given that, it is mostly extinct and is only used in such expressions as「何じゃい」「誰じゃい」「するわい」.

「わ/○」 (after verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

Unlike the standard dialect, this is used by both men and women in Kyoto.

E.g:「もう行くわ」「よう言わんわ」

「や/●」 (after verb conjunctive forms and auxiliary verb「やす」, and request/invitation expressions; attaching to imperative form is slang)

When attached to request/invitation expressions, adds flavor or emphasis to the words. For details, see 4. Verbs: "Various Conjunctive Forms".

「がな/○○」 (after verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, adjective predicate/attributive forms, and copulas「や・どす/です」)

As this does not exist in the standard dialect, it is difficult to explain. Its meaning closely resembles「ってば」or「ったら」.

E.g.:「あんたがすんにゃがな」「言われいでもするがな」

「いな/○○」 (after particles, verb conjunctive forms, copula「じゃ」, and particle「わ」）

Probably formed from「よな」, it is used to provide emphasis. However, its use is not as widespread as standard dialect「よな/よね」. Used in verb conjunctive forms such as「しいな」「やめいな」to express「なさいってば」 and used with particles as in「なんでいな」「誰がいな」only to express the rhetorical-question idea of standard「だよ」.

「かいな/●○○」 (same location as sentence-final「か」)

Corresponds to standard「っけ」「だっけ」.

E.g.:「これ、何やったかいな」「今度の日曜て何日やったかいな」「次はあんたの番かいなあ」

「かい/●○」「かいな/●○○」 (same location as sentence-final「か」)

Both are used to express irony or ask a rhetorical question. The meanings are the same, but「かいな」feels softer.
In Kyoto, the explanation is given as, "『か』for questions, 『かい・かいな』for rhetorical." Given that, these particles do not express the dual ideas "Would someone do that?" or "Who would ever do that?" of standard「そんなことするか」.

E.g.:「誰がそんなこと言うかい」「それホンマかいな」

「け/●」 (same location as sentence-final「か」)

Same meaning as「か」, but much more crude.

Since few people find this「け」easy to understand, it is perhaps better to leave it as a word to know but never use.

E.g.:「おまえ、これ要るけ？」「ふざけとんのけ？」

「よ/○」 (after nouns, verb and auxiliary verb predicate/attributive forms, adjective attributive forms, adverbs, particle「の」, and copula「どす/です」)

And now the most troublesome to explain is「よ」.

First the「よ」attached to imperative form, for example「せいよ」and「見いよ」, is probably best thought of as originating from the Kyoto.

However, other uses of「よ」, for example the "announcement「よ」" of「〜するよ」「行くよ」have an unavoidable standard-dialect feel.

With the equivalent meaning of「で」and「え」, though「そやで」is said and「そやよ」cannot be said, we can say that this "announcement「よ」" expression was added from the standard dialect.

Even so,「よ」has been often used in some classical literature, and there is evidence that this partical was used in Kyoto from the start, so therefore it is possibly more appropriate to think that this once extinct word has been resurrected due to standard dialect influence.

Table 1　Particle Location

	な	ね	の（ん）	ぞ（ど）	で	え	い・いな	わ	や	がな	かい（な）・け	よ
After Nouns	○	○	○	○	×	○	×	×	×	×	○	※
After Copula「や」	○	○	○	○	○	×	×	○	×	○	×	×
After Polite「どす/です・ ます・おす」	○	○	○	○	○	○	×	○	×	○	○	○
After Verbs (Pred/Att) After Adjectives	○	○	○	○	○	○	×	○	×	○	○	○
After Verbs (Conj)	○	×	×	×	×	×	○	×	○	×	×	×
After Particle「な」	×	×	○	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×	×
After Particle「の」	○	○	−	×	×	○	×	×	×	×	○	○

• ※ Not odd.